Portuguese naval vessels disrupted the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean, and the Portuguese demanded high tariffs on items transported through the area, given their strategic control of ports and of shipping lanes. To make way for the Europeans (largely Britons and whites from South Africa), the In the initial stage of colonial rule, the administration relied on traditional communicators, usually chiefs. It may never be clear who won the elections, but it was roughly 50:50 before the rigging started.Between 1980 and 2000 total fecundity in Kenya fell by about 40%, from some eight births per woman to around five. The Indian minority dominated retail business in the cities and most towns, but was deeply distrusted by the Africans. They opposed similar demands by the far more numerous Indian community. By the later 1930s government began to intrude on ordinary Africans through marketing controls, stricter educational supervision and land changes. Moi, a member of the Kalenjin ethnic group, quickly consolidated his position and governed in an authoritarian and corrupt manner. The "short rains" season occurs from October to November/December. At the same time the Kikuyu, with Kenyatta's support, spread beyond their traditional territorial homelands and repossessed lands "stolen by the whites" – even when these had previously belonged to other groups. The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) emerged as the leading opposition to KANU, and dozens of leading KANU figures switched parties. New athletes gained attention, such as Kenya has been a dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.In the motor rallying arena, Kenya is home to the world-famous Nairobi has hosted several major continental sports events, including the Kenyans generally have three meals in a day—breakfast ( Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.President Kibaki and the road to a new constitutionPresident Kibaki and the road to a new constitutionConstitution (2009) Art. Previous to the 2013 elections, there were 210 The economy has seen much expansion, seen by strong performance in tourism, higher education, and Telecommunications and financial activity over the last decade now comprise 62% of GDP. The western Luo and Kalenjin groups, demanding greater autonomy, backed Raila Amolo Odinga (1945– ) and his Orange Democratic Movement (ODM).In the December 2007 elections, Odinga, the candidate of the ODM, attacked the failures of the Kibaki regime. Underlying social tensions were evident, however. The colonial history of Kenya dates from the Berlin Conference of 1885 when the European powers first partitioned East Africa into spheres of influence.
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